The primary reason why polyurethane bushings predominate in the specialty aftermarket is much lower cost to set up manufacturing.
Note I'm not saying the materials are less expensive - probably on a per unit basis polyurethane mixes are considerably more expensive than rubber - but making rubber parts requires expensive, bulky machinery and a lot of heat for the vulcanization process.
Polyurethane mixes, by contrast, are largely room temperature compounds poured into simple molds, no pressure or heat. In many cases, depending on the size of the production run, they can even be hand poured.
If you are manufacturing 100,000 bushings, it pays to invest the capital cost to set up the machines for rubber bushings then pay a small amount per bushing for the rubber material. If you're manufacturing 100 bushings, you'll never recoup the cost overhead of setting up the machinery, so better to use small scale production techniques and polyurethane is the most suitable material available. And you can produce on demand in a small shop.
But only in some cases is polyurethane a better choice. To be fair, some aftermarket manufacturers use shoddy quality rubber as has been documented here. One can't just use any old type of rubber compound, and some are either taking shortcuts with cheaper rubber or don't know the material spec and use the wrong type.
Dave